A novel fast distance relay for series compensated transmission lines

This paper presents a fast distance relay for series compensated transmission lines based on the R–L differential-equation algorithm using the theory of equal transfer process of transmission lines. The measuring distances based on the proposed algorithm can fast approach the actual value of fault distance when a fault occurs in front of the series capacitor. When a fault occurs behind of the series capacitor, the fault loop, including the series capacitor, does not match the R–L transmission line model, so the measuring distances fluctuate severely. Based on this, the relative position of the fault with respect to the series capacitor can be judged effectively according to the fluctuation range of the measuring distances, and the accurate fault location can be obtained fast. A variety of PSCAD/EMTDC simulation tests show that the new relay has fast operating speed and high accuracy when applied to the long series compensated transmission lines.     

Chemical vapor deposition of graphene on large-domain ultra-flat copper

Copper foil is the most commonly used substrate for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of graphene, despite the impact of its surface roughness and polycrystalline structure on the resulting graphene. Here we present a method of preparing thick, ultra-flat copper substrates for growing graphene by CVD. We demonstrate the growth of graphene on these substrates using the common Atmospheric Pressure CVD (APCVD) and Low Pressure CVD (LPCVD) methods. We show that compared to copper foil, graphene grown on these thick ultra-flat copper substrates by APCVD results in 50 times smoother graphene on copper. Furthermore, the thick copper substrates have at least 5 times larger copper domains, compared to conventionally prepared copper foil. The evolution of the surface roughness in each growth method is also presented.     

Biodegradable,superhydrophobic walnut wood membrane for the separation of oil/water mixtures

The preparation of environmentally friendly oil/water separation materials remains a great challenge. Freeze-drying of wood after lignin removal yields wood aerogels, which can be used as substrates to prepare fluorine-free environmentally friendly superhydrophobic materials, However, they are more suitable for absorption rather than filtration applications due to their poor strength. A study using cross-sections of pristine wood chips as substrates retains the original strength of wood, but the use of the cross-sectional of wood pieces limits their thickness, strength, and size. In this paper, a degradable fluorine-free superhydrophobic film (max. water contact angle of approximately 164.2°) with self-cleaning and abrasion resistance characteristics was prepared by a one-step method using pristine and activated walnut longitudinal section films as the substrate, with tetraethyl orthosilicate as a precursor and dodecyltriethoxysilane as a modifier. The tensile strength results show that superhydrophobic films with pristine or activated wood substrates maintained the strength of pristine wood and were 2.2 times stronger than the wood aerogel substrate. In addition, after cross-laminating the two samples, the films had the ability to separate oil and water by continuous filtration with high efficiency (98.5%) and flux (approximately 1.3 × 10³ L∙m^‒2∙h^‒1). The method has potential for the large-scale fabrication of degradable superhydrophobic filtration separation membranes.     

主动配电网三相电压优化及校正控制方法

研究主动配电网三相电压的优化与校正控制技术,提出了全网集中优化、局部协调校正的控制方法。在长时间尺度内,协调全网有功和无功资源,基于半定规划理论建立计及本支路相间互感的主动配电网三相电压优化的数学模型,实现全网优化控制。在短时间尺度内,利用电压相量对节点注入功率的三相灵敏度建立电压相量校正二次规划模型,实现电压相量校正控制。IEEE 33节点三相标准测试系统的仿真表明,全网优化控制能有效降低网损,局部校正控制能利用最小的功率调整量快速校正越限节点的电压幅值,并减少三相不平衡度。     

直驱型风力发电机的主轴强度研究

为了实现某大型水平轴直驱型风电发电机的主轴强度设计,提出基于有限元软件和疲劳软件相结合分析的主轴设计方法。建立发电机的有限元模型,分析计算了14种极限工况下主轴的极限强度。根据GL2010认证规范,推导得到发电机主轴的S-N曲线。基于疲劳分析软件,获得了主轴的疲劳累计损伤分布结果,考察了表面粗糙度对主轴疲劳强度的影响程度。分析校核结果表明,发电机主轴结构满足结构强度设计要求。     

基于最小过热区域的城市配电网灾害风险评估

目前配电网风险评估直接应用于实际预警预案还存在一定困难。研究并提出了一种基于最小过热区域的城市配电网灾害风险评估方法。通过分析各类灾害下相应最小过热区域的停运概率,计算灾害下配网负荷停电风险,并以此为判据进行实时预警预案。考虑了配网自身的自愈控制,克服了传统配电网灾害风险评估中的保守计算。显著提升了计算速度,有能力评估灾害下多条关联馈线段同时成为初始故障源时的风险情况,并量化了灾害下配网负荷的停电损失,可用于比较不同工况下不同灾害的危害程度。最后以实际城市配电网为例验证了所提出方法的实用性、通用性和高效性。     

硅微纳结构及其在新型太阳电池中的应用

综述了近年来各种硅微纳结构的特征和制备技术,介绍了其在新型太阳电池中的应用现状与前景.首先,阐述了硅微纳结构在传统p-n结、新型径向p-n结以及异质结太阳电池结构设计中的研究进展;其次,从光吸收增强、表面修饰及钝化的角度,分析了硅微纳结构太阳电池的增效措施;最后,提出了柔性硅微纳结构太阳电池开发的新思路.     

A novel minimum weight formulation of topology optimization implemented with reanalysis approach

In this paper, we develop an efficient diagonal quadratic optimization formulation for minimum weight design problem subject to multiple constraints. A high-efficiency computational approach of topology optimization is implemented within the framework of approximate reanalysis. The key point of the formulation is the introduction of the reciprocal-type variables. The topology optimization seeking for minimum weight can be transformed as a sequence of quadratic program with separable and strictly positive definite Hessian matrix, thus can be solved by a sequential quadratic programming approach. A modified sensitivity filtering scheme is suggested to remove undesirable checkerboard patterns and mesh dependence. Several typical examples are provided to validate the presented approach. It is observed that the optimized structure can achieve lighter weight than those from the established method by the demonstrative numerical test. Considerable computational savings can be achieved without loss of accuracy of the final design for 3D structure. Moreover, the effects of multiple constraints and upper bound of the allowable compliance upon the optimized designs are investigated by numerical examples.     

A pricing-based location model for deploying a hydrogen fueling station network

We propose an innovative two-step Pricing-Based Location strategy for the rollout of new hydrogen fueling stations. A first model maximizes the profit of a new station with a price p¹ which corresponds to a design capacity supplying a given market share (n¹ customers). According to these findings and with the objective of deploying an extensive network, a second model searches for a suitable location as remote as possible from existing competitors, but as close as possible to just n¹ demand locations. This problem is solved by an agent-based model integrating the Particle Swarm Optimization metaheuristic and a Geographic Information System representing the geospatial distribution of customer demand. We apply this model to the city of Paris by locating additional stations across the city one by one to supply a growing captive fleet of taxis and other transport operators in the future.     

Enhanced intrinsic stability of the bulk heterojunction active layer blend of polymer solar cells by varying the polymer side chain pattern

Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have acquired huge attention over the past years as potential renewable energy sources, adding attractive features such as aesthetics, semi-transparency, flexibility, large area printability, improved low-light performance, and cost-effectiveness to the well-known Si-based photovoltaics. Steady improvements in OPV power conversion efficiencies are continuously reported, notably for bulk heterojunction solar cells based on conjugated polymer:fullerene blends. However, apart from efficiency and cost, the stability of organic solar cell devices is of particular concern. Among the different factors contributing to OPV instability, gradual loss of the optimum phase-separated nanomorphology of the photoactive layer blend is a critical parameter. In this paper, we present the results of ‘shelf-life’ accelerated lifetime tests performed for devices containing a range of functionalized poly(3-alkylthiophene) (P3AT) donor polymers upon prolonged thermal stress. By the incorporation of functional moieties on the side chains of P3HT-based copolymers, a remarkable improvement of the intrinsic stability of the active layer blend morphology is accomplished, even for fairly low built-in ratios (5–15%) and without crosslinking to covalently anchor the polymer and/or fullerene molecules. Moreover, these alterations do not influence the initial power conversion efficiencies to a large extent. As such, the presented approach can be regarded as an attractive paradigm for OPV active layer stability.